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This article explains the phonology of the Malay language based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language in Brunei, Indonesia (as Indonesian), Malaysia (as Malaysian), and Singapore. ==Consonants== The consonants of Standard Malay〔Clynes, A., & Deterding, D. (2011). Standard Malay (Brunei). ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', ''41'', 259–268.(On-line Version )〕 and also Indonesian〔Soderberg, C. D., & Olson, K. S. (2008). Indonesian. ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', ''38'', 209–213.〕 are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in parentheses. Some analyses list 19 "primary consonants" for Malay as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop .〔Asmah Haji Omar (2008). ''Ensiklopedia Bahasa Melayu''. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, page 108.〕〔Yunus Maris, M. (1980). ''The Malay Sound System''. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd, page 52.〕 Orthographic note: The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: * is written before a vowel, before and * is written * the glottal stop is written as a final or an apostrophe * is written * is written * is written * is written * is written Notes * , , are unaspirated, as in the Romance languages, or as in English ''spy, sty, sky.'' In word-final position, they are often unreleased, with final generally being realised as a glottal stop in native words. There is no liaison, that is, no audible release even when followed by a vowel in another word, as in ''kulit ubi'' ('tapioca skins'), though they are pronounced as a normal medial consonant when followed by a suffix. * The glottal stop may be represented by an apostrophe in Arabic derived words such as ''Al Qur'an''. * is pronounced clearly between like vowels, as in ''Pahang''. Elsewhere it is a very light sound, and is frequently silent, as in ''hutan'' ~ ''utan'' ('forest'), ''sahut'' ~ ''saut'' ('answer'). The exception to this tendency is initial from Arabic loans such as ''hakim'' ('judge'). * varies significantly across dialects. In addition, its position relative to schwa is ambiguous: ''kertas'' ('paper') may be pronounced or . The trill is sometimes reduced to a single vibration when single, making it phonetically a flap , so that the pronunciation of a single varies between trill and flap . * , , , and only appear in loanwords. Some speakers pronounce in loanwords as , otherwise it is . can also be an allophone of before voiced consonants. Apart from the above, there are a few consonants from Arabic that are used by a small number of speakers. Loans from Arabic: * Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be substituted with native sounds. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malay phonology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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